

In the example betcha we see that /j/, the sound represented in writing by the letter Y appears to have changed into a /tʃ/ so that we have the form /betʃə/ instead of /bet ju:/. Here you will notice that the word of is represented by /ə/ and not by /ɒv/, the citation form of the word. So in the first example, for instance, we see kinda which is an orthographic rendering of the string /kaɪnd ə/. One reason for this is that they are stressed when we cite them and often aren't when we actually use them.

The citation forms of function words (the kind of words that concern grammar more than vocabulary) often differ from the forms we hear in normal speech. Here the item can isn't being used in the same way that it is when we say She can dance for example. A citation form is the phonetic form of the word when we mention the word without using it in its normal sense.

In the spoken language, these examples are strings of words where the realisation of the strings in speech is quite different from the citation forms of the individual words.
